Stylistics - Stylolinguistics

Stylistics
** Stylistics or Stylolinguistics:-
Is divided into two morphemes of minimal meaningful units.
The former stylo means or refer to literature and the latter to linguistics.
** Stylistics
Is the science which studies the style of texts.
** Or :- is branch of linguistics which studies literary texts.
** Stylistics
Demonstrates the linguistics features that surface frequently in a text and serves readers to identify or fingerprint its , the text, the authors.
** Stylistics analysis :-
Aims to determine the stylistics features that are significant, important, to meaning.
** Literary Stylistics
Is personal and arbitrary.
Linguistics Stylistics **
Is based on descriptive linguistics for the sake of literary analysis and interpretation.
** We say that :-
Style is the man himself or style proclaim the man because style is a distinctive way for performing a certain task.
** For example:-
Modern and pre-Islamic poetry are remarked or distinguished by their style which is a distinctive stylistic features.
So style as a theoretical notion has been defined in several ways :-
(1) Style as the sum or the aggregate of the linguistic choice made by an author.
According to this definition, writers make choices or options from the enormous resources available to them in linguistic system such as phonological, grammatical and lexical items.
But these stylistic options or choices are restrained to the context That's to say that they should be consistence with it.
(2) The second definition of style is style as deviation
** There are two types of deviation :-
** External deviation: - is breaking the rules of Standard or every day's language
** For example:-
The son that is young.
** Internal deviation: - is establishing a norm of language in a text, then we break or deviate from it due to the use of a structure that isn't in accordance with the norm.
** For example:- if a text establishes or creates a declarative norm the use of imperative or directive breaks it.
**Register: - is defined as a set of vocabulary items associated with a particular social group or occasion.
**Or: - the use of appropriate or certain words or expressions in a particular situation or occasion.
**Register: - is a variation conditioned by the context of situation.
**There are different kinds of register
** Formal: - which is used in funerals or religious sermons.
** Less formal: - that can be used in political situations.
** Informal: - which can be used when writing a letter.
**The press's language: - is calling the third language because it is a mixture of formal and informal language.
**Diglossia: - is the existence of two very different language varieties side by side each with a distinct range of social function.
**There are two forms of diglossia:-
**High variety: - is the prestige variety because it is more logical, beautiful and more expressive that low one. It is used for literary and religious purpose such as sermons and lectures.
**Low variety: - lacks prestige as it less logical, beautiful and less expressive than high. It tends to borrow words from the high variety. It used in comic shows and colloquial Arabic and conversations too.
** Dialect: - includes person's accent.
**Idiolect: - is the distinctive personal dialect of each individual speaker.
**Or: - is the variety of personal dialect made by individual speaker.
**For example: - age, sex, ethic background, tone and pitch determine a person's idiolect.
** Language and Domination:-
In written language is a context for power to be exercised and maintained. It acts as a dominate device or a means of domination or control through which one can control the discourse.
** For example: - Mark Antony in Julius Caesar controls the discourse and manipulates the emotions of the crowed or masses through using linguistic stratagems.
Comrade's "the secret agent" shows the powerlessnessانعدام القوة and submissiveness of his character.
**Mr. Verloc through using verbs of feeling instead of action verbs.
** An interrogation in which the policeman controls the witness by using several strategies.
**First of all:- he interrupts his witness more than once.
**Secondly: - , he gives himself the right to pose questions without allowing the witness equal rights.
** Thirdly: - he uses reduced questions.
** Finally: - the police man gives himself the right to judge the true and falsity of the witness's statement.
** Language and the resistance of domination
Language is not only a means for domination, but it is also a means for domination to be resisted. In other words language is not only a context for power to be exercised and maintained but also a context for power to be questioned challenged, and contested.
** For example:-
** The poem which is called "encapsulated" shows the protest of the aboriginal Australian against the white.
In this poem language represents the discourse or the context of aggression and oppression.
** Language and conflict:-
In which there is linguistic conflict between characters.
** For example:-
Becket's "waiting for go dot" in which characters challenge each other through verbal exchanges.
** Language and patterning:-
This section aims to study formal features in relation to content or the meaning of the poem.
** For example:-
** In Shelley's poem Ozymandias, he uses the present simple tense to describe a past experience.
** In Eliot's poem, the hollow men, he uses intransitive verbs which refer to his preference for this syntactic pattern over the use of transitive verbs.
** Visual pattern: - is a style of patterning in which the author looks at graphological patterning in relation to the shape of lines and stanzas.
** For example: - the poem "Easter wings" by George Herber creates a visual pattern.