Othello - Drama

Othello
Othello begins on a street in Venice in the midst of an arguments between Roderigo , a rich man , and Iago .
Roderigo has just learned that Desdemona has married Othello . a general whom Iago begrudgingly serves ensign
Iago says he hates Othello , who recently passed over him for the position of lieutenant in favor of the inexperienced soldier .
Iago and Roderigo inform Brabanzio that his daughter Desdemona has been stolen by and married Othello . Brabanzio finds that his daughter is indeed missing and he gathers some officers to find Othello not wanting his hatred of Othello to be known , Iago leaves Roderigo and hurries back to Othello . before Brabanzio sees him at Othello's lodgings ,Cassio arrives with an urgent message from the duke Othello's help is needed in the matter of the imminent Turkish invasion of Cyprus .
Brabanzio arrives with Roderigo and others , and accuses Othello of stealing his daughter by witchcraft . when he find out that Othello is on his way to speak with the duke , Brabanzio decides to go along and accuse Othello before he assembled senate Brabanzio,s plan backfires .the duke and senate are very sympathetic toward Othello given a chance to speak for himself Othello explains that he wooed and won Desdemona not by witchcraft but with the stories of his adventures in travel and war .the duke finds Othello's explanation convincing , and Desdemona herself enters at this point to defend her choice in marriage and to announce to her father that her allegiance is now to her husband . Brabanzio is frustrated but acquiesces and allows the senate meeting to resume the duke says that Othello must go to Cyprus to aid in the defense against the Turks, who are headed for the island , Desdemona insists that she accompany her husband on his trip, and preparations are made for them to depart that night . In Cyprus the following day, two gentlemen stand on the shore with Montano, the governor of Cyprus . A third gentleman arrives and reports that the Turkish fleet has been wrecked in a storm at the sea. Cassio , whose ship did not suffer the same fate , arrives soon after followed by a second ship carrying , Iago ,Roderigo ,Desdemona and Emilia ,Iago's wife . once they have landed Othello's
Ship sighted and the group goes to the harbor as they wait for Othello , Cassio greets Desdemona by clasping her hand , watching them Iago tells the audience that he will use hand-holding to ensnare Cassio .
Othello arrives , greets his wife and announce that there will be reveling that evening to celebrate Cyprus's safety from the Turks . once everyone has left , Roderigo complains to Iago that he has no chance of breaking up , Othello's marriage . Iago assures Roderigo that as soon as , Desdemona's blood is made dull with the act of sport, she will lose interest in Othello and seek sexual satisfaction else where . however ,Iago warns that elsewhere will likely be with Cassio ,Iago counsels Roderigo that he should cast Cassio into disagree by starting a light with Cassio at the evening's revels in a soliloquy , Iago explains to the audience that eliminating Cassio is the first crucial step in his plan to ruin Othello . that night, Iago gets Cassio drunk and then sends Roderigo to start a fight with him apparently provoked by Roderigo ,Cassio chases Roderigo across the stage. Governor Montano attempt to hold Cassio down and Cassio stabs him, Iago sends Roderigo to raise alarm in the town . the alarm is rung and Othello who had left earlier with plans to consummate his marriage, soon arrives to still the commotion . when Othello demands to know began the fight . Iago feigns reluctance to implicate his friend Cassio , but he ultimately tells the whole story . Othello then strips Cassio of his rank of lieutenant . Cassio is extremely upset and he laments to Iago that his reputation has been ruined forever. Iago assures Cassio that he can get back into Othello's good graces by using Desdemona as an intermediary in a soliloquy .Iago tells us that he will frame Cassio and Desdemona as lovers to make Othello jealous . in an attempt at reconciliation , Cassio sends some musicians to play beneath Othello's window . Othello
However sends his clown to tell the musicians to go away . Hoping to arrange a meeting with Desdemona . Cassio asks the clown , a peasant who serves Othello
To send Emilia to him After the clown departs Iago passes by and tells Cassio that he will get Othello
Out of the way , so that Cassio can speak privately with Desdemona … Othello
, Iago and gentleman go to examine some of the town's fortifications … Desdemona is quite sympathetic to cassio,s request and promises that she will do everything she can to make Othello forgive him .. As Cassio is about to leave Othello
and Iago return .. feeling uneasy ,,Cassio leaves without talking to Othello
inquires whether it was Cassio who just parted from his wife ,, and Iago beginning to kindle Othello's fire of jealousy , replies No sure I cannot think it ..that he would steal away so guilty like Seeing your coming .. Othello becomes upset and moody and Iago furthers his goal of removing both Cassio and Othello
by suggesting that Cassio and Desdemona are involved in an affair …Desdemona's entreaties to Othello to reinstate Cassio as lieutenant add to Othello's convention that his wife is unfaithful .. after Othello's Conversation with Iago ,Desdemona comes to call Othello to Supper an finds him feeling unwell. She offers him her handkerchief to warp around his head , but he finds it to be too little and lets it drop to the floor .. Desdemona and Othello go to dinner and Emilia Picks up the handkerchief . mentioning to the audience that Iago has always wanted her to steal it from him …
Iago is ecstatic when Emilia gives him the handkerchief , which he plants in Cassio,s room as evidence of his affair with Desdemona , when Othello demands Ocular Proof that his wife is unfaithful Iago says that he has seen Cassio wipe his bread with Desdemona's handkerchief , the first gift Othello ever gave her .. Othello vows to take vengeance on his wife and on Cassio and Iago vows that he will help him when Othello sees Desdemona later that evening he demands the handkerchief of her , but she tells him that she does not have it with her and attempts to change the subject by continuing her suit on Cassio,s behalf This drives Othello into a further rage ,, later Cassio Comes onstage , wondering about the handkerchief he has just found in his chamber . he is greeted by Bianca , a Prostitute whom he asks to take the handkerchief and copy its embroidery for him …
Though Iago's machinations Othello becomes so consumed by Jealously that he falls into a trance and has a fit of epilepsy As he writhes on the ground , Cassio comes by , and Iago tells him to come back in a few minutes to talk . Once Othello Recovers , Iago tells him of the meeting he has planned with Cassio ..he instruct Othello to hide nearby and watch as Iago extract from Cassio the Story of his affair with Desdemona .. while Othello stands out of earshot .. Iago pumps Cassio for information about Bianca causing Cassio to laugh and confirm Othello's Suspicions . Bianca herself then enters with Desdemona's handkerchief reprimanding Cassio for making her copy out the embroidery of a love token given to him by another woman .. when Desdemona enters with lodovico and lodovico subsequently gives Othello a letter from Venice calling him home and instating Cassio as his replacement ,,Othello goes over the edge striking Desdemona and then storming out …
That night , Othello accuses Desdemona of being a whore .. he ignores her protestations seconded by Emilia , that she is innocent ,,Iago assures Desdemona that Othello is simply upset about matters of state . Later that night , however , Othello ominously tells Desdemona to wait for him in bed and to send Emilia away .. Meanwhile , Iago assures the still- complaining Roderigo that everything is going as planned … in order to prevent Desdemona and Othello from leaving ,, Roderigo must Kill Cassio then he will have a clear avenue to his love .
Iago instructs Roderigo to ambush Cassio ,, but Roderigo misses his mark and Cassio wounds him instead .. Iago wounds Cassio and runs away . when Othello hears Cassio,s cry , he assumes that Iago has killed Cassio as he said he would ..Lodovico and Graziano enter to see what the commotion is about discovers Cassio assailant Roderigo whom he murders … Cassio is taken to have his wound dressed … Meanwhile ,, Othello stands over his sleeping wife in their bedchamber ,,preparing to kill her Desdemona wakes and attempts to plead with Othello .. she asserts her innocence ,, but Othello smothers her .. Emilia enters with the news that Roderigo is dead…
Othello asks if Cassio is dead too … and is mortified when Emilia says he is not after crying out that she has been murdered , Desdemona changes her story before she dies claiming that she has committed suicide .. Emilia asks Othello what happened and Othello tells her that he has killed Desdemona for her infidelity which Iago brought to his attention …
Montano, Graziano , and Iago come into room ,,Iago attempts to silence Emilia who realizes what Iago has done ….At first ,,Othello insists that Iago has told the truth the handkerchief as evidence ..Once Emilia tells him how she found the handkerchief and gave it to Iago ,, Othello begins to weep …he tries to kill Iago but is disarmed …Iago kills Emilia and flees but he is caught by Lodovico and Montano who return holding Iago captive .. they also bring Cassio who is now in a chair because of his wound …. Othello wounds Iago and is disarmed … Lodovico tells Othello that he must come with them back to Venice to be tried … Othello makes a speech about how he would like to be remembered , then kills himself with a sword … he had hidden on his person … the play closes with a speech by Lodovico … he gives Othello's house and goods to Graziano and orders that Iago be executed ….

الأشخاص الرئيسيون فى المسرحيةMain Character……..
(1) Othello
Othello is a great general , a man who has won the honor of a people who might otherwise scorn him by his astounding military successes on their behalf ….. But Othello is not only a great fighter , he also a great speaker … while he wins the honor of the Venetians because of his victories , he wins the love of Desdemona because of his enrapturing stories . the extent of Othello's reputation is seen when Desdemona's father an influential senator , attempts to have him punished for allegedly abducting Desdemona from him .. the Duke of Venice Promises to punish the offending foreigner severely but when he learns that the man is Othello , he quickly changes course and takes the side of the Moor Othello against that of the native Venetian Desdemona's Father … the plots of Iago have already began and Cassio has been drawn into a drunken brawl … Othello tires Cassio and begins listening to Iago's hints that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him with Cassio But Othello demands proof and Iago provides it ….Othello gave Desdemona a priceless handkerchief when he was courting her and Iago steals it and plants it in Cassio,s bedroom … Othello learning who has the handkerchief ,resolves to act Iago will kill Cassio and he will kill his wife Desdemona …
Othello begins acting madly calling his wife a whore and striking her in front of visors from Venice .. Soon he goes to their bedroom and demands Desdemona confession .. she confesses nothing and though he almost persuades himself not to Othello strangles her in their bed .. Emilia , Iago's wife and Desdemona attendant quickly finds out and reveals to everyone what her husband has done . learning this , Othello tries to kill Iago but fails … Finally , before the assembled crowd , he stabs himself

(2) Desdemona

Desdemona , one of the most Sought-after women in Venice….defies her father by marrying a Moor , Othello ..
She is wooed by his stories of his military exploits and strange adventures and insists on going with him to battle in Cyprus …
Desdemona is praised by everyone ( except, of course, by Iago to Othello ) as flawless .. she engages in somewhat bawdy banter with Iago and Emilia , but seems to be shocked by their immorality .. she talks familiarly with Cassio and pleads for his job back , byt even Iago is quite sure that she is faithful, in thought and act , only to Othello . when Othello begins accusing her , Desdemona's feeling for him does not fade , she insists , even when she seems to foresee her imminent murder , that she loves him , when she is about to die ,,, Emilia finds her , and her friend asks who has murdered her ,, Desdemona , seeking to save Othello with her last words ,, insists that she herself was the one who did it …

Themes ……الأفكار الرئيسية للمسرحية
(1).. Society's Treatment of the Outsiderمعاملة المجتمع للغريب
(2)… Jealousy …. الغيرة
(3) ….the Incompatibility of military Heroism and love …التعارض بين البطولة العسكرية والحب
(4) ….the danger of Isolation خطر الانعزال
(5)… Nature of Women …..طبيعة النساء
(6) Foolish Loyalty …. الولاء الأحمق

Society's Treatment of the Outsider……..
Shakespeare discusses the problem of being alienated from a group in Othello by making his hero an outsider one who does not belong in the society in which he lives . from the very beginning , when he is held in suspicious by a man who accuses him of seducing his daughter with mysterious charms , Othello stands apart from everyone else , As a man of another race and from another country , much of the conflict ,,he faces is due to the reigning Opinion that he does not quite belong .
Othello's Sensitivity to the issue becomes clear when Iago uses it as proof that Desdemona could not be faithful to a foreign .. Othello self-Confidence is easily eroded by Iago's ability to convince him that he inferior to the men of Venice Shakespeare dramatizes about his background weaken his defenses and allow his worst instincts to take over …
الغيرة والحسدJealousy …..
Othello represents how Jealousy , particularly sexual Jealousy is one of the most corrupting and destructive of emotions . it is Jealousy that prompts Iago to plot Othello's downfall,, Jealousy , too is the tool that Iago uses to arouse Othello's passions … Roderigo and Bianca demonstrate Jealousy at various times in the play ,, and Emilia demonstrates that she too knows the emotion well … only Desdemona and Cassio the true innocents of the story ,,, seem beyond its clutches ..
Since it is an emotion that everyone shares ,, we watch its destructive influence on the characters with sympathy and horror ..

The Incompatibility of Military Heroism and Love…….
التعارض بين الحب والبطولة العسكرية
Before and Above all else ,,, Othello is a soldier .. from earliest moments in the play. His career affects his married life….Desdemona is ,,,indeed,,, Othello's fair warrior and he is happiest when he has her by his side in the midst of military conflict or business .. the Venetian society while the Venetians in the play are generally fearful of the prospect of Othello's social entrance into white society through his marriage to Desdemona , all Venetians respect and honor him as a soldier .. Othello predicates his success in love on his success as a soldier wooing Desdemona with tales of his military travels and battles ..once the Turks are drowned Othello is left without anything to do no longer having a means of proving his manhood or honor in a public setting such as the court or the battlefield ,, Othello begins to feel uneasy with his footing in a private setting , the bedroom …Iago Capitalizes on this uneasiness ,, calling Othello's epileptic fit in a passion most unsuiting such a man ,,, in other words ,,,Iago is Calling Othello unsolderly …Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles ,, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other …his expression of his Jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional to the absurd … Othello is entirely preoccupied with his identity as a soldier But his way of thinking is somewhat justified by its seductiveness to the audience as well … Critics and audiences alike find comfort and nobility in Othello's final speech ,,, even though in that speech ,, Othello depends on his identity as a soldier to glorify himself in the public's memory ,,, and to try to make his audience forget his and Desdemona's disastrous martial experiment …

The danger of Isolation
خطر العزلة
The action of Othello moves from the metropolis of Venice to the Island of Cyprus …. Protected by military fortification as well as by the forces of nature ,,, Cyprus faces little threat from external forces ,, Once Othello , Iago , Desdemona , Emilia , and Roderigo have come to Cyprus ,,they have no thing to do but pry upon one another ….Isolation enables many of the play's most important effects ,,,Iago frequently speaks in soliloquies … Othello stands apart while Iago talks with Cassio ,, and is left alone onstage with the bodies of Emilia and Desdemona for a few moments very end of the play ,, Roderigo seems attached to no one in the play except Iago and , most clearly ,,,Othello is visibly isolated from the other characters by his physical stature and the color of his skin .. Iago is an expert at manipulating the distance between characters ,, isolating his victims so that they fall prey to their own obsessions at the same time ,,,Iago falls prey to his islands ,,,the play seems to say … self Isolation as an act of self preservation leads ultimately to self destruction such self isolation leads to the death of Roderigo, Iago , Othello , and even Emilia …..

Nature Of Women …….
طبيعة المرأة
There are two types of women in Othello …. Desdemona represents the pure , blameless and faithful woman ,,,and Emilia represents the woman who wishes to be given an equal footing to men ,, especially in regards to sexual matters …Ironically ,,both ladies end up dead at the play's end Emilia's relaxed moral sensibility when she steal Desdemona's handkerchief is the primary cause that helps Iago to crate the truth of Cassio,s adultery with Desdemona … However Desdemona's respectful and submissive demeanor towards Othello also contributes to her death .. A woman more willing to seek out the cause of her husband's anger may not have been killed …

Foolish Loyalty
الولاء الأحمق
From Iago's first lines in the play ,,,Othello is established as some one who relies heavily on the advice of others … Iago was denied a promotion because Othello took the advice of others and chose young and untested Cassio …Iago ,,who Othello had seen tested in battle , was overlooked Iago attacks this weakness in Othello and manipulates Othello ,,,so that he trusts Iago with a blinding faith Iago is even able to turn Othello's loyalty from Desdemona ,,, whom Othello trusts in completely in the beginning of the play ,, when he asks her to testify that she married him of her own will