Description of English Consonant

Description of English Consonant
وصف الأحرف الإنجليزية الساكنة
Human speech has its basis in airstreamتيار ( مجرى) الهواء , thereforeلذلك speakingالتحدث can be described as “modified breathingالتنفس المعدل “
There are many types of airstream mechanism used in human speech, but the type used in producing English and Arabic consonant is an egressive خروج pulmonic airstreamالتيار الهوائى الرئوى .
This consists of the lungsالرئتين and respiratory musclesالعضلات التنفسية .
The latter ثانيا, saving as the initiator إستهلالى, move the wallsجدران of the lungs
So that the air is pushed out through the vocal tractالممر الصوتى ( الجهاز الصوتى ) .
Plosivesالانفجاريات
The production of a plosive or stop consonant involvesيتضمن blockingمنع the vocal tract at some point, with the velumاللهاة or the soft palateسقف الحلق being raisedيرتفع to shut off the nasal passageالممر الأنفى .
Lungs will be still pushing the air therebyبذلك causing air to be compressedمضغوط behind the point of obstructionحاجز ( عائق) .
When this closureإنغلاق is removed, the compressed air explodesينفجر out of the mouth.
Hence إذن ( من ثم ) this sound is called a plosiveإنفجارى .
However ومع ذلك a plosive may be followed immediatelyمباشرة by a nasal sound صوت أنفى
Instead of opening the mouth closureبدلاً من فتح الإنغلاق الفمى, the velic closure is opened thereby causing the compressed air to explode through the nasal cavity. التجويف الأنفى
This is called a nasal plosionعلم الصوتيات الأنفية in contrast with the former type which is an oral plosionعلم الصوتيات الشفوية .
A plosive may also be followed immediately by an l sound which results in a lateral plosionعلم الصوتيات الجانبية .
A detailed description of a plosive consonant shows that three phasesمراحل are involved in its articulation نطق :
(1) The first is the “approach phaseمرحلة الممر “, during which the movable organs of speech الأعضاء الحركية للكلام involved, the articulatorsالناطقين move towards the point of closure to shut it.
(2) The second phase is the “closure phaseمرحلة الإنغلاق ”, when the articulators come together making a strictureتضيق of complete closureالإنغلاق الكامل . Lung action results in the compression of air behind this closure.
(3) The third phase is called the “release phase مرحلة الإطلاق “. In this phase, the articulators partيوزع rapidly and the compressed air explodesينفجر out of the mouth.
Aspirationالنطق بملء النفس is characteristic صفة مميزة of English voiceless صامت plosives P, T and K
Particularly خاصة ( بالذات ) when preceding يسبق a vowel حرف علةin a stressed syllableمقطع صوتى مشدد , as in (Pay, Take, Kid)
Aspiration can be described as a voiceless intervalفاصل of strongly expelled breathنفس مطرود بقوة after the releaseإطلاق of the plosive and before the following vowelحرف العلة التالى .
It is usually symbolized مرموز لهاas a small raised /h/ as in phi, /theik/and /khid/
However this Aspiration is weaker أضعف when a voiceless plosiveالإنفجارى الصامت is preceding a vowel in unstressed syllable يسبق حرف علة فى مقطع صوتى غير مشدد
/P/:
This English plosive is pronouncedيكون ملفوظاً by making two lips come together and closing the oral cavityالتجويف الفمى at the same time that the velumاللهاة is raised تكون مرتفعةto shut off the nasal cavityالتجويف الأنفى .
The air coming up يخرج from the lungs is compressed behind the two lips.
When the two lips part rapidly the air escapes outيهرب خارج of the mouth explosivelyبانفجار .
Meanwhile وفى الوقت نفسهif there is no vibrationإهتزاز of the vocal cords until the third phase (the air being strongly expelledطرد الهواء بقوة ) is completed,
The sound is called a voiceless bilabialبكلتا الشفتين aspiratedملفوظ بملء النفس plosive إنفجارى.
If voicingالتلفظ of the third phase, the sound is called a voiceless bilabial unaspirated plosiveإنفجارى شفوى ولكنه غير ملفوظ بكلتا الشفتين .
The pronunciation نطق of English consonant /p/ is conditionedمشروط by contiguousمجاور sounds.
Besidesبالإضافة إلى its oral releaseالإطلاق الفموى or plosionالصوت .
/p/ may have a nasal plosionالصوت الأنفى when followed by a nasal consonant ساكن أنفى
Or a lateral plosionصوت جانبى when followed by /l/ as in “apple “and “please“.
It has no audibleمسموع release in final position as in “map” and when followed by /t/ or /k/ as in “apt”ملائم – جدير- قابل and “napkin”منديل ورق .
Where it is followed by a labiodentalملفوظ باشتراك الشفة واللسان sound as in “hopeful”.
The closure of /p/ sound is often labiodental rather thanبدلاً من bilabialشفوى in anticipationتوقع of the following labiodental fricativeإحتكاكى .
This voiceless bilabial plosive consonant /p/ occurs initiallyفى البداية , as in “open” Mediallyفى المنتصف as in “supper” and finallyفى النهاية , as in “help” and “lamp”
/b/:
This consonant is the voiced counterpartالنظير ( المثيل ) of the voiceless plosiveالصامت الإنفجارى /p/
It is produced in the same way as /p/ (the oral closure is made by the two lips and a velic closure shut off the nasal resonatorالرنين الأنفى ), but with the vocal cords vibrating while air is compressed behind the two lips.
The chief allophonesالتباينات الرئيسية فى النطق of the English phonemeصوت لغوى /b/, being whollyكليا or partiallyجزئياً voicedيعبر عنه صوتياً , cannot be aspiratedيلفظ بملء النفس . So, this phoneme /b/ can be described brieflyباختصار as a voiced bilabial unaspirated plosive.
When intervocalicأوتار صوتية (between voiced sounds) /b/ is voiced as in “labour” and “symbol”.
Besides, /b/ has other subsidiaryمساعد ( تابع ) allophones.
Partially devoicedمنطوق بدون تحريك الأحبال الصوتية allophones occur in initial and final positions, as in “bed” and “rib” and when preceded by a voiceless consonant as in “whitby”.
Other allophones of /b/ with hardlyبصعوبة any audible plosion occur when followed by another plosive as in “obtain” and “rubbed”.
/b/ also has allophones with nasal plosion when followed by a nasal consonant as in “submarine”غواصة and “abnormal” and others with a lateralجانبى plosion when followed by /l/ as in “noble” and “oblige”
The English consonant /b/ occurs initially as in “boy” and “book”
Medially, as in “habit” and “label”, and finally as in “tube” and “knob”مقبض.
/t/:
English consonant /t/ is produced by both a velic closure.
The soft palate being raised to block the nasal cavity, and an oral closure when the tipقمة ( رأس ) of the tongue is raisedبارز so as toلكى يعنى come into firm contact with the teeth-ridge.قمة
The airstream pushed from the lungs is compressed behind this oral closure.
When the tongue is removed from the teeth-ridge, the compressed air escapes with an explosion.إنفجار
Meanwhile, the vocal cords are wide apart, not vibrating.
This English phonemeصوت لغوى can be described briefly as a voiceless alveolar Aspirated plosive consonant.
However, this English consonant /t/ has other allophonic variants as follows:
(1) When followed by a vowel in a stressed syllableمقطع مشدد as in “take”,”tall”,”obtain” it is aspirated.
(2) In unstressed syllables, as in “butter”,”letter”,”after” it is less Aspirated
(3) The same relativeنسبى ( ذو صلة ) unaspiration occurs when /t/ is preceded by /s/ as in “star”, “store”
(4) An allophone with a nasal plosion الصوت الناتج عند التفوهoccurs before nasal consonants, as in “button”, “utmostأقصى – منتهى ”.
(5) An allophone with a lateral plosion is used before /L/ as in “little” , “battle” , “ at least “
(6) A dental allophone [t] is used when an inter-dentalوسط الأسنان /ϴ/ or / ð/follows, as in “eighth” and “he shoutedصاح at the boys”.
(7) A postموقع -alveolar [t] occurs before /r/, as in “train” and “country”, where the tongue is at a position more retractedمضموم than the teeth-ridge.
( An allophone with no audible releaseإطلاق مسموع occurs when another plosive or affricateإحتكاكى consonant follows, as in “outpost”, “football” , “what time”, “that dog” , “east coast” , “it goes”, “that chapter” , “a great judge”
(9) In final position /t/ has a weak release, as in “sent” and “drift”.
The English plosive /t/ occurs initially, as in “tea”, “ten”.
Medially, as in “water”, “attack” and finally, as in “act”, “fit”.
/d/:
This English consonant is the voiced counterpart of the above – mentionedالمذكور بأعلاه voiceless alveolar aspirated plosive consonant /t/. /d/ has the same place and manner of articulationنطق as /t/, but it differsيختلف in beingكونه voiced,. The vocal cords vibrateتهتز while the air is compressed behind the alveolar closure, as well as having a weaker exhalationزفير. Thus, /d/ sound can be described as a voiced alveolar unaspirated plosive consonant. Other subsidiaryفرعى allophones of /d/are as follows:
(1). A dentalسنى allophone when followed by /e/or /a/, as in (breadthإتساع ) and (read this).
(2). A post-alveolar allophone when followed by /r/, as in (dream),(dry).
(3). A nasally أنفياً released allophone when followed by /m/or/n/,as in .(admitإعترف ),(suddenمفاجئ ).
(4). A laterally جانبياًreleased allophone when followed by/L/, as in (middle, good luck).
(5). A partially devoiced نطق بدون تحريك الأحبال الصوتية allophone in initialبدائى and final positions, as in (dog) and (old).
(6) An allophone with no audible release, as in (bed time), (red paint), and (broadcastبث – إذاعة ).
This English consonant /d/ occurs initially, as in (dawn) and (drain إرتشاح - إستنزاف), medially, as in (middle) and (order) and finally as in (road) and (sad)

/k/:
The chiefرئيسى allophone of this English consonant, as in (come), is pronounced by raising the soft palate الحنك الرخوto shut off the nasal resonator
And raising the back of the tongue to form a complete closure with the forepartمقدم of the soft palate.
Air coming up from the lungs is compressed Behind this oral closure. When the tongue is removed from the soft palate,
The compressed air escapes with an explosion through the mouth.
Meanwhileفى الوقت نفسه , the vocal cords are not vibrating, the opening between the jawsالفك is small and the lipsالشفاه are slightly spreadتنتشر قليلاً .
English /k/ can be described briefly as a voiceless velarحلقى aspirated plosive consonant.
Other allophonic variantsمتغيرات of /k/ are used depending on the contiguous soundsالأصوات المجاورة .
We can distinguishنميز the for the following varieties أصناف of /k/
(1) it is aspirated before a stressed vowelحرف علة مشدد , as in " come " , " kid " , " cold "
(2) It is less aspirated in an unstressed position and when proceeded byمسبوق بـ /s/ as in (baker, income, scarf, skip)
(3) An allophone [k] with a nasal plosion occurs before nasal consonants /m/ & /n/ and /ŋ/ as in (acknowledge, acme and taking)
(4) An allophone [k] with a lateral position is used before a lateral consonant /L/ , as in (clear , close , buckle )
(5) An allophone [k] with no audible release occurs before other plosive ,as in
(Blackboard, looked, black, cat, dark grey)
There is also variationإختلاف in the actual center of contactالمركز الفعلى للإتصال according to contiguous sounds. It is more forwardأمامى before frontمقدمة vowels than before back vowels.
For example the /k/ in (key) and (keen) is more forward than the /k/ in (cat) and (come)
Whereasفى حين أن the /k/ in (cool) is further back than the /k/ in (car) and (come) lip-position in pronouncingنطق /k/ is influencedمتأثر by the following sounds.
It variesيتفاوت from lip-rounding in (queen) and (cool) to spread ينتشر in (key) and (keen)
English consonant /k/ occurs initially as in (cat) and (king) & medially, as in (buckle) and (income) and finally as in (neck).
/g/:
This consonant is the voiced counterpart نظيرof the above-mentioned plosive /k/
It is pronounced at the same manner of articulation as /k/, except for being accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords ما عدا كونه مصحوباً باهتزاز فى الأحبال الصوتية , and a weaker plosion than that used in case of /k/.
Thereforeولذلك we may describe this English phoneme /g/ as a voiced velar حلقى unaspirated plosiveإنفجارى غير ملفوظ بملء النفس .
In addition to this main allophone, as in (egger) and (begin) there are other subsidiary allophones of /g /.
For example /g / is more forward before front vowels, as in (geeseأوز), than before back vowels as in (gooseأوزة ).
In initial position /g / becomes partially devoiced as in (go, girl)
In final position voiceless allophonesتباينات النطق are sometimes used as in (frog, leg) nasally exploded allophones of / g / occur before / m / and / n /, as in (dogmaعقيدة ) and (ignore).
A laterally exploded allophone is used before /L/ as in (gleamبريق . Struggle).
An allophone with no audible plosion occurs before other plosives and affricatesالأصوات الساكنة as in (rugby, laggedتخلفت , big, jawفك , etc.).
Other allophones of /g / with lip-rounding are used especially before / w / and / u / as in (language, anguish, good, etc.)
English / g / occurs initially as in (good, give) &medially as in (eagleنسر , vigorقوة ) and finally as in (egg, big)
Fricatives الإحتكاكيون
Fricative consonants are articulated byتكون منطوقة بواسطة bringing two organs of speech close together so That their stream produces a frictionإحتكاك or a hissingالهسهسة sound when pushed through the vocal tract
/f/:
This consonant is produced by raising the soft palate أعلى باطن الفم اللين to shut off the nasal cavity; dressingتضميد the lower lip against the edges of the upper teeth and forcing إجبار breath Through the intersticesالفجوات of the upper teeth.
Meanwhile there is no vibration of the vocal cords.
This sound can be expressed shortlyيمكن أن يعبر عنه باختصار as a voiceless
labia-dentalشفوى سنى ( منطوق باشتراك الشفة والأسنان ) fricativeإحتكاكى consonant.
The above-mentioned sound is the chief phonemeالصوت اللغوى الرئيسى , if not the only phoneme, of the English consonant /f/.
Other less important allophones are accompanied byتكون مصحوبة بـ lip-action which depends on contiguous vowels.
This lip-action varies from lip-roundingلف الشفتيف , as in (fool, roof) to spread lips, as in (feel, leaf).
However these are of no great importanceأهمية عظمى .
This English consonant occurs initially , as in ( feel , foot ) & medially, as in (offer , suffer ) and finally , as in ( loafرغيف , laughيضحك – نكتة )
/v/:
This consonant is the voiced counterpartنظير of the above-mentioned being accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords. So, it can be described as a voiced labio-dentalشفوى سنى fricativeإحتكاكى consonantحرف ساكن ( صامت ) .
The above-mentioned sound is the chief allophone of English /v/, and as in the case of /f/, there are no important allophonic variants of /v/ among RP speakers.
English consonant /v/ occurs initially, as in (very, veil), & medially as in (ever, seven), and finally as in (live, love)


/ϴ/:
For pronouncing the sound /ϴ/, the tip and rimsالحواف of the tongue have to come close against the edgeحافة and back of the upper incisorsالقواطع , so thatبحيث air pushed through the mouth causes friction إحتكاك .
Meanwhile, the soft palate has to be raised to shut off the nasal passageالممر الأنفى , and the vocal cords are not made to vibrate. This may be defined as a voiceless dental fricative consonantالساكن الإحتكاكى السنى .
This English consonant occurs initially as in ( thin , thank ), & medially as in ( method , anthologyمقتطفات ) and finally as in ( teeth , bath ).
/ð/:
This consonant is the voiced counterpart of the above-mentioned /ϴ/.
It can be defined as a voiced dental fricative consonant.ساكن إحتكاكى سنى منطوق
This consonant /ð/ occurs initially as in (that, then), & medially as in (father, weather), and finally as in (with, breath).
/s/:
This sound is articulatedملفوظ بوضوح by the soft palate being raised to close the nasal passage off, the blade of the tongueنصل اللسان making a light خفيف contact with the alveolar ridge القمة الحويصلية whereas the side rimsحواف of the tongue curl upلف making a close contact with the hard palate and leaving a narrow grooveحفرة ضيقة in the center through which the air escape with frictionإحتكاك between the bladeنصل and the alveolar ridgeالقمة الحويصلية .
Meanwhileفى نفس الوقت , the vocal cords are not vibrating.
This consonant can be described shortly as a voiceless alveolar fricative consonant. حرف ساكن إحتكاكى حويصلى صامت
English consonant /s/ occurs in all positions as in (listen, master, breast), and in final position as in (class, goose, nice).
/z/:
This sound is the voiced counterpart of the corresponding شبيهvoiceless alveolar fricative consonant /s/.
The only differenceالفرق الوحيد is the presenceوجود of vocal cords vibration in /z/ articulation. نطق
Its chief allophone can be expressed shortly as a voiced alveolar fricative consonant. حرف ساكن إحتكاكى حويصلى منطوق
Besides thisبالإضافة إلى ذلك chief allophone, there are other subsidiary allophones of /z/ which are partially voicelessساكن جزئياً .
These occurs initially as in (zoo, zero), and finally as in (rose, noise).
The English consonant /z/ occurs in initial position as in (zealحماسة , zone) in medial position as in (easy, lazy) and in final position as in (raise, bees).
/ʃ/:
This phoneme is produced in the following way. The soft palate is raisedمرتفع to shut off the nasal passage. The tipقمة and blade نصل of the tongue come very close againstقبالة ( قصاد) the back part of the alveolar ridge. The rest of the tongue is raised towards the hard palateالحنك الصلب , with its rims being in contact with the upper side teeth. The air pushed up from the lungs escapes through a grooveحفرة - أخدود between the tongue and the roofسقف of the mouth which is wider than in the case of /s/ sound.
Meanwhile, the vocal cords are not vibrating, and there is a slightطفيف lip-rounding.
This sound can be expressed shortly as a voiceless palate-alveolar fricative consonant. حرف ساكن إحتكاكى حنكى حويصلى منطوق
This English consonant occurs initially, as in (shop, shine), & medially as in (nation, missionمهمة – بعثة ) and finally, as in (wish, rush, finish).
/ʒ/:
This sound is the voiced consonant correspondingمناظر – منسجم to /ʃ/. It is articulated in the same place and manner, except for being accompanied by vibration of the vocal cords. Therefore, we can describe /ʒ/ as a voiced palate- alveolar fricative consonant. حرف ساكن إحتكاكى حنكى حويصلى منطوق
Allophonic variant of /ʒ/ are partially devoiced in initial and final positions.
The English consonant /ʒ/ has limited distributionله تصنيف ( تبويب) محدود . It occurs medially in English words as in (measure, decision), and initially and finally in French loanwordsالكلمات المستعارة من اللغة الفرنسية , as in (gigoloقواد – راقص محترف , prestigeهيبة , rouge أحمر شفايف ).
/h/:
This sound is produced by expellingطرد the air with pressureبالضغط from the lungs through the open glottisالمزمار while the pharynx البلعوم, soft palate, tongue and lips are held in the following vowel’s position.
The air causes some friction throughout the vocal tractالممر الصوتى . This sound may be expressed shortly as a voiceless glottalمزمارى fricative consonant.
As an allophonic variant of /h/, a voiced allophone [ħ] is sometimes used when it occurs between voiced sounds, as in (behind, perhaps, two-hundred).
There are also many allophone of / ħ/as there are vowels which can follow it.
This English consonant occurs only initially, as in (head, hair, and horse), & medially as in (behave, adhereتقيد " إلتزم", manhoodرجولة " الرجال كافة " ).
Affricates:الأصوات الساكنة
Affricates are sounds that may be described as plosiveإنفجارى whose release stageمرحلة الإطلاق involvesيتضمن a separation of the articulatory organs slower than in the ordinaryعادى plosives.
This causes friction of shorter durationمدة أقصر than those characterizingتميز fricatives proper مناسب. Here, I shall describe only two /tʃ/ and /dʒ/, consideringمعتبراً such sounds as /tr/ and /dr/ as sequencesمتواليات of other phonemesأصوات لغوية rather thanبدلاً من representing extraإضافية phonemes.
/tʃ/:
This sound is pronounced in the following way. The soft palate is raised and the nasal passage is shut off. The tipرأس and the blade نصل of the tongue are raised so as to form a closure with the back part of the teeth ridgeقمة and side teeth. Then the tongue is removed solely from the teeth ridge in a way that causes the compressed air to escape causing homorganic friction.
Meanwhileفى الوقت نفسه there is no vibration of the vocal cords.
This sound may be defined as a voiceless palate-alveolar affricate consonant.
The English consonant /tʃ/ occurs in all positions , in initial position as in ( chalk , chair ), & in medial position as in (nature , merchant ),and in final position as in ( catch , watch ).
/dʒ/:
This consonant in the voiced counterpart of /tʃ/.
It has the same place and manner of articulation, but wit /dʒ/ the vocal cords have to be vibrating. So it can be defined as a voiced Plato-alveolar affricate consonant.
Some allophonic variants of /dʒ/ are partiallyجزئياً devoiced when thy occur initially or finally as in (just, large). This English consonant occurs initially, as in (jokeنكتة , general ), medially as in ( majorرئيسى , urgentعاجل – ملح ) ,and finally as in ( age ,edge ).
Nasals:الأنفيات
In producing nasal consonants there have to be both a closure in the oral cavity and a loweringتوطية of the soft palate, so that the air is allowed to escape freelyبحرية through the nasal cavity. In its escape through the nasal cavity, air causes a special resonanceصدى – رنين rather than a friction. Henceوبالتالى , nasal consonants are described by some as frictionlessعديم الإحتكاك continuantsإستمرارية . Nasals are usually voiced.
/m/:
To articulate this sound, lips have to be closed, the soft palate loweredمنخفض, the tongue held inيعقد فى a neutral position and the vocal cords made to vibrate.
However if /m/ is followed by a vowel or /L/, the tongue approximates يقترب the position of the vowel or /L/ sound.
This sound can be defined as a voiced bilabialشفوى nasal consonantحرف ساكن شفوى أنفى منطوق . . Partially devoiced variants of /m/ occur when it is preceded byمسبوقاً بـ a voiceless consonant, especially /s/, as in (small, utmost). A labio-dental allophone [m] occurs when followed by a labio-dental /f/ or /v/, as in (comfort, circumventتحايل على القانون - أحبط مساعى خصمه – راغ ).
English/m/ occurs initially, as in ( man , make ) , medially as in ( summer , lemon ) and finally as in ( storm , harm )
/n/:
The oral closure for producing this sound is formed by the tipحافة of the tongue againstقبالة the teeth ridge.
The soft palate is lowered to allow the air stream to pass through the nasal cavity. The tongue is in a neutral position.
The vocal cords are vibrating. This phoneme صوت لغوى /n/ can be described as a voiced alveolar nasal consonant.حرف ساكن أنفى حويصلى منطوق
The English consonant /n/ has allophonic variants as follow:
(1) A dental allophone [n] before dental sounds أصوات سنية /ϴ/. And /ð/ as in (Panther, tenth, when they)
(2) A post-alveolar allophone [n] before /r/ as in (unrest إضطراب , enrollيسجل – يجند ).
(3) A partially devoiced [n] when preceded byيسبق بـ /s/ in the same syllableمقطع , as in ( snack , snare كمين – فخ )
English /n/ occurs in all positions , in initial position, as in ( name , new ) & in medial position as in ( find , infant طفل رضيع – قاصر ) and in final position as in ( pen , man )
/ŋ/:
This sound is produced by raising the back of the tongue to form a complete closure with the soft palate. The point of this closure varies according toتتغير طبقاً لـ adjacentمجاورة – متاخمة vowel, as will be seen in discussingمناقشة the varieties of this sound. At the same time the soft palate has to be loweredمنخفض , allowing the air pass through the nasal cavity, and the vocal cords are made to vibrate, producing "voice".
This sound may be defined as a voiced velar nasal consonant.حرف ساكن أنفى حلقى منطوق
The chief allophone of this English consonant is that used after /ʌ/, as in (tongue, money). A more advanced, a post-palatalبعد حنكى , allophone occurs after front vowels, as in (sing), and a backer allophone occurs after the back vowel /Ɔ/ in final position, as in (song, long).
This consonant /ŋ / occurs in English only medially and finally as in (anger, anchor مرساة – ملاذ , king, bring).
Laterals:الجانبيات
Lateral consonants are produced by a partial closure, so that the airstream is allowed to escape on both sides of that closure through the mouth.
Meanwhile the soft palate is raised and the vocal cords are made to vibrate.
/L/:
This English consonant is produced by raising the tip of the tongue to form a partial obstructionإعاقة with the teeth ridge leaving a passage for the air to escape on one or both sides of the tongue roundمدور – مستدير the alveolar obstructionإعاقة حويصلية .
Meanwhile the soft palate is raised shutting off the nasal cavity, and the vocal cords are made to vibrate.
This sound may be defined as a voiced alveolar lateral consonantحرف ساكن جانبى حويصلى منطوق .
Two chief allophone of English /L/ are known as clear [L] where the tongue takes up a fairlyتماماً high back position.
Clear [L] occurs before vowels or /j/ as in (lead أدى إلى , failure) , whereas dark ثقيل[Ł] occurs before consonants other than /j/ and finally , as in
( salt ,fool, middle ).
Moreover وعلاوة على ذلك , other allophones occur as follows:
- Dental lateralsجانبيات سنية may occur before dentals, /Ө/ and /ð/, as in (wealth, tell them).
- Post - alveolar laterals جانبيات قبل الحويصلية may occur before a post – alveolar as in (already, poultryدواجن – دجاج ).
- partially devoiced lateralsجانبيات غير منطوقة جزئياً may be used after voiceless aspirated plosives , as in ( please, lately , clean ) .English lateral consonant occurs in all positions , initially ,
as in (love , luck ) , medially , as in ( pilot , select ) , and finally as in .( poolبركة – تجمع - معين , real ) .
Frictionless continuantsالأحرف المستمرة عديمة الاحتكاك
These consonants are, according to Sounds which are vowel – like in their voicing, lack ofتفتقر إلى friction, and non – lateral airstream, but which function consonantlyبشكل ساكن .
/r/:
Rp /r/ occurs only before vowels. The most common شائع – منتشر allophone of this sound is articulated as follows :- the soft palate is in its raised position. The tip of the tongue is fairlyتماماً close to the back part of the palate, while the central part of the tongue is lowered so that the air is allowed a free passage over it. The vocal cords are made to vibrate. This is usually accompanied by lip – rounding when /r/ occurs before a stressed vowelحرف متحرك مشدد , as in (red) which becomes homophonousمتجانسة with (wed)
Other allophonic variants of of rp / r/ are:
(1) A fricative allophone [r] when preceded byمسبوق بـ /d/ , as in (dry , bedroom)
(2) A completelyتماماً devoiced fricative [r] when preceded by a stressed voiceless aspirated plosive as in (price , train , cry)
(3) A partially devoiced [r] when preceded by an unstressed /p/ , /t/ or /k/ as in (protect , translate , criterionمعيار )
Rp/r/ occurs only before vowels; initially, as in (red, role),
Medially, as in (arrive, greetتحية ) and word –finally when followed by a word beginning with a vowel, as in (tear up, four apples).


Semi- vowelsالأحرف شبه المتحركة ( شبه حروف العلة )
These are /j/and /w/ sounds which shareتتشارك with vowels the fact that the articulatorsالناطقين are not close enough for air to cause friction with passing through the oral passage الممر الشفوى . Moreover, they are distinguishedمتميز by two other articulatory featuresميزات تلفظية . As pointed out by d. Jonesكما أشير إليها بواسطة الدكتور جونز , (1957: 206), in articulating
semi – vowels:
‘Speech organs start by forming a weakly articulatedملفوظة بضعف close or greater prominenceبروز ”
This rapid gliding انزلاق سريع combined withجنباً إلى جنب a waek force of
Exhalations زفير are characteristicمميز of semi – vowels. However, these sounds are treatedيعالج with as consonants, because they functions consonants, having a marginalهامشى rather thanبدلاً من a central situation in the syllable. In other words, they cannot stand aloneتقف وحدها : they must be precededتكون مسبوقة or followed أو متبوعة by a vowel to form a syllable لتكوين مقطع .
/j/:
This sound is articulated by the front of مقدمةthe tongue being raised in the direction of the hard palate to a close or half-close vowel position and gliding immediately to the position of the following sound, usually a vowel.
Meanwhile, the soft palate is in its raised position, the lips are spreadمنتشرة , and the vocal cords are vibrating.
This sound may be expressedيعبر عنها shortly as an unroundedغير مدور palatal semi-vowelحنكى شبه متحرك .
Besides this principalرئيسى allophone of English consonant /j/, a voiceless fricative allophone [ ] occurs after voiceless plosives and /h/, as in (pure, tube, hueدرجة اللون ).
English /j/ occurs only in word-initial position as well as in initial and medial clustersمجموعات ( عناقيد ) , preceding a syllabicمقطعى sound, as in (year, stewقلق , refuse).
/w/:
This sound is articulated byينطق بواسطة the tongue starting fromبداية من a back half-close vowel position and moving immediatelyمباشرةً to the position of the following sound.
Meanwhileفى الوقت نفسه , the lips are roundedملفوفة , the soft palate is in its raised position, and the vocal cords are vibrating.
This consonant may be defined as a roundedمدور labio-velar semi-vowelلهوى حلقى نصف متحرك.
The above-mentioned sound is the chief allophone of English consonant /w/.
Another allophonic variant is a devoiced allophone [w] when preceded by a stressedمشدد /t/ or /k/ as in (twin, kwick).
English consonant /w/ occurs only in word-initial and medial positions, often before vowels as inكما فى (one, word, always, language).